Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) is the general method of analyzing measured data to find the amount of variation due to measurement error as compared with the true variability of the process.
All measurements of continuous data have some measurement error, and this can be determined by repeated readings using a structured method to isolate measurement variation from true process variation. Measurement errors arise from measurement equipment, methods, operators, samples, drift, calibration et al. Gauge R&R is a popular structured method for MSA.
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